A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence" (1956)

By John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Nathaniel Rochester, and Claude Shannon.

The paper that coined the term "Artificial Intelligence" and laid the groundwork for the field.

Programs with Common Sense" (1959)

By John McCarthy.

Introduced the concept of situation calculus, an early formalization of knowledge representation.

Perceptrons: An Introduction to Computational Geometry" (1969)

By Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert.

Analyzed the limitations of neural networks, which led to the AI winter but also spurred the later development of deep learning.

Learning Representations by Back-Propagating Errors" (1986)

By David E. Rumelhart, Geoffrey E. Hinton, and Ronald J. Williams.

Revitalized interest in neural networks by formalizing the backpropagation algorithm.

Playing Atari with Deep Reinforcement Learning" (2013)

By Volodymyr Mnih et al. (DeepMind).

Demonstrated how deep Q-learning could surpass human-level performance in classic Atari games, heralding the deep reinforcement learning revolution.

Attention is All You Need" (2017)

By Ashish Vaswani et al. (Google).

Introduced the Transformer architecture, which has become the backbone of most modern natural language processing (NLP) systems, including GPT.

Auto-Encoding Variational Bayes" (2013)

By Kingma and Welling.

A foundational paper in generative modeling, introducing Variational Autoencoders (VAEs).

BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding" (2018)

By Jacob Devlin et al. (Google AI).

Revolutionized NLP by pretraining a bidirectional transformer for a range of language tasks.

Mastering the Game of Go with Deep Neural Networks and Tree Search" (2016)

By Silver et al. (DeepMind).

Detailed how AlphaGo defeated human Go champions, combining neural networks and Monte Carlo tree search.

Neural Machine Translation by Jointly Learning to Align and Translate" (2014)

By Dzmitry Bahdanau, Kyunghyun Cho, and Yoshua Bengio.

Introduced the concept of attention mechanisms in neural networks, a precursor to Transformers.

Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica

Isaac Newton

Laid the foundation of classical mechanics, introducing universal gravitation and the three laws of motion.

On the Origin of Species

Charles Darwin

Introduced the theory of evolution by natural selection, revolutionizing biology and the understanding of life.

Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences

Galileo Galilei

Detailed experiments and principles of mechanics and motion, foundational in the field of physics.

A Brief History of Time

Stephen Hawking

Explains concepts like black holes, the Big Bang, and the nature of time in an accessible way.

The Double Helix

James D. Watson

An autobiographical account of the discovery of DNA's structure, offering insight into scientific collaboration.

The Structure of Scientific Revolutions

Thomas S. Kuhn

Introduced 'paradigm shifts,' explaining scientific progress through revolutionary changes in understanding.

Relativity: The Special and the General Theory

Albert Einstein

Explains Einstein's theories of relativity, transforming the understanding of space, time, and gravity.

Silent Spring

Rachel Carson

Exposed the environmental dangers of pesticides, sparking the modern environmental movement.

The Selfish Gene

Richard Dawkins

Popularized the gene-centered view of evolution and introduced the concept of 'memes'.

Cosmos

Carl Sagan

Explores the universe and humanity's place in it, blending science with wonder.